Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Lead-Free CsGeI2Br/FASnI3 Dual-Absorber Perovskite Solar Cell with Organic Charge Transport Layer

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53799/sj1pdd74

Keywords:

Perovskite Solar Cell, SCAPS-1D Simulation, CsGeI2Br/FASnI3 Heterostructure, Organic Transport Layers, High Efficiency, Eco-Friendly Approach

Abstract

As demand grows for high-efficiency, affordable, and eco-friendly photovoltaic technology, alternative materials such as CsGeI2Br and FASnI3 can play a significant role. Tin (Sn) and germanium (Ge) based materials can be promising substitutes for lead (Pb) based materials in the development of Perovskite solar cells (PSC) due to their superior optical properties, higher carrier mobility, and better performance. This research aims to enhance the efficiency of CsGeI2Br/FASnI3 double absorber-based (PSC), where PCBM was used as the ETL and PTAA as the HTL. The analysis was conducted by varying the absorber layer's thickness, doping density, and defect density using the SCAPS-1D numerical simulator and investigating the influence on key performance parameters such as power conversion efficiency (PCE), short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). Before optimization the device structure (FTO/PCBM/CsGeI2Br/FASnI3/PTAA/Au) provide a PCE of 21.20%, Jsc of 28.70 (mA/cm2), Voc of 1.16 V and FF of 63.63% but after considering the standard optimized parameters the device achieved a PCE of 35.00%, Jsc of 30.44 (mA/cm2), Voc of 1.30 V and FF of 88.46%. Additionally, to evaluate the optimized device's reliability and stability, the following analyses are performed: temperature (T), series resistance (Rs), and shunt resistance (Rsh). The simulation outcomes were validated through comparison with prior research. The proposed device structure not only achieved superior performance but is also lead-free and cost-effective. The results demonstrate the potential of lead-free Sn /Ge-based perovskite architectures for high-performance and environmentally preferable photovoltaic applications.

Author Biographies

  • Mohammad Abdul Mannan, American International University-Bangladesh

    I was born in Laxmipur, Bangladesh on January 01, 1975. I received his B. Sc. Eng. Degree from Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET former BITR), Bangladesh, in 1998, and Masters of Engg. and Dr. of Engg. Degrees from Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2003 and 2006 respectively, all in electrical engineering. I joined in the American International University Bangladesh (AIUB) as an Assistant professor on May 2006. I served Senior Assistant Professor from July, 2012 to November, 2013. Recently I am working as an Associate Professor and From January 2014, Also I am working as a Head (Undergraduate Program) of EEE Department. I am also served in AIUB Member of board of post graduate studies (BPGS), class evaluation committee, question moderation committee, Admission Committee, of Registration Committee, Thesis Committee, AIUB In House Project Competition Committee, Vigilance Committee, Department Teacher Selection Committee, Viva Exam of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Board and working as an External and Supervisor of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Thesis and Project. My research interests include electric motor drive, power electronics, electrical vehicle, power system, wind generation system and control system.

  • Md. Rifat Hazari, American International University-Bangladesh

    Dr. Md. Rifat Hazari received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) in August 2013 and December 2014, respectively and Ph.D. degree in Energy Engineering from the Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan, in March 2019. He has held various academic and administrative positions at AIUB, including Senior Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor and Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), and Deputy Director of the Dr. Anwarul Abedin Institute of Innovation, AIUB. He is currently serving as an Associate Professor and Special Assistant in the EEE Department at AIUB. Throughout his career, Dr. Hazari has received several prestigious recognitions, including the MINT (Academic Excellence) Award from KIT, Japan in 2017 for outstanding research performance, the Best Paper Award at the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2017 in Melbourne, Australia, the Best Presentation Award at the IEEJ Branch Convention 2017 in Hakodate, Japan, and the Best Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Posterity Award at the 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques 2023 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has served as a Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI) on multiple internationally funded research projects and has authored over 75 publications in peer-reviewed journals and national and international conferences. He has also been invited as a speaker at various universities and workshops. His research interests include renewable energy systems (particularly wind and photovoltaic power systems), power system stability and control, microgrid and hybrid power systems, HVDC system, analysis and control of rotating electrical machines. He is a member of both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh (IEB).

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“Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Lead-Free CsGeI2Br/FASnI3 Dual-Absorber Perovskite Solar Cell with Organic Charge Transport Layer”, AJSE, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 57–68, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.53799/sj1pdd74.

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