Performance Analysis of Automatic Generation Control for a Multi-Area Interconnected System Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
Main Article Content
Abstract
The primary focus of this paper is to assess an interconnected power system using different optimization techniques. The main purpose is to employ different optimization techniques, including genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to systematically enhance the performance of a multi-area or two-area automatic generation control (AGC) system, aiming to optimize the three PID controllers gain values and improve system performance under diverse loading conditions. Two case studies are conducted exploring different loading conditions in the megawatt (MW) range, including increasing load demand and decreasing load demand. The analysis involves four scenarios, covering without any kind of controller, another with solely a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller, a PID controller enhanced through a genetic algorithm (GA), and lastly, a PID controller improved through particle swarm optimization (PSO). The optimization process utilizes the integral time absolute error (ITAE) as the objective function to evaluate the system's performance. The simulation outcomes for ITAE, settling time, overshoot, and undershoot for frequency deviation of area one, area two, and power deviation in the tie-line are compared with previous similar studies to assess the novelty of this work. The article highlights the importance of the multi-area AGC system and the significance of different optimization techniques in improving its performance.
Article Details
How to Cite
[1]
N. Tabassum, E. Jahan, N. Goswami, and M. S. R. Zishan, “Performance Analysis of Automatic Generation Control for a Multi-Area Interconnected System Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization Technique”, AJSE, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 42 - 53, Apr. 2024.
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AJSE contents are under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This permits anyone to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the worknon-commercially provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.
References
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[21] N. Goswami and A. H. M. Shatil, “Performance analysis of load frequency control for power plants using different optimization techniques,” in 2023 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICREST57604.2023.10070029
[22] N. Goswami, M. R. Habib, A. H. Shatil, and K. F. Ahmed, “Performance analysis of the AVR using an artificial neural network and genetic algorithm optimization technique,” in 2023 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICREST57604.2023.10070076
[23] P. C. Sahu, R. C. Prusty, and B. K. Sahoo, “Modified sine cosine algorithm-based fuzzy-aided PID controller for automatic generation control of multiarea power systems,” Soft Comput., vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 12919– 12936, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-04716-y
[24] C. Ismayil, R. S. Kumar, and T. K. Sindhu, “Optimal fractional order PID controller for automatic generation control of two-area power systems: FOPID Controller for AGC of Multi-Area Power Systems,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3329–3348, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.2038
[25] E. Gupta and A. Saxena, “Grey wolf optimizer-based regulator design for automatic generation control of interconnected power system,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1151612, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1151612
[26] S. Panda and N. K. Yegireddy, “Automatic generation control of multi-area power system using multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 53, pp. 54–63, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.04.003
[27] K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, S. Samanta, N. Dey, A. S. Ashour, and V. E. Balas, “Design of a proportional-integral-derivative controller for an automatic generation control of multi-area power thermal systems using
firefly algorithm,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sin., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 503–515, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2017.7510436
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[30] J. R. Nayak, B. Shaw, B. K. Sahu, and K. A. Naidu, “Application of optimized adaptive crow search algorithm based two degree of freedom optimal fuzzy PID controller for AGC system,” Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., vol. 32, no. 101061, p. 101061, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2021.09.007
[31] E. F. Morgan, R. A. El-Sehiemy, A. K. Awopone, T. F. Megahed, and S. M. Abdelkader, “Load frequency control of interconnected power system using artificial hummingbird optimization,” in 2022 23rd International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2022, pp. 01–06. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON55441.2022.10021812
[32] M. M. Mohamed, H. M. El Zoghby, S. M. Sharaf, and M. A. Mosa, “Optimal virtual synchronous generator control of battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for frequency response enhancement of photovoltaic/diesel microgrid,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 51, no. 104317, p. 104317, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104317
[33] M. H. El-Bahay, M. E. Lotfy, and M. A. El-Hameed, “Computational methods to mitigate the effect of high penetration of renewable energy sources on power system frequency regulation: A comprehensive review,” Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 703–726, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09813-9
[34] M. M. Gulzar, M. Iqbal, S. Shahzad, H. A. Muqeet, M. Shahzad, and M. M. Hussain, “Load frequency control (LFC) strategies in renewable energy-based hybrid power systems: A review,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3488, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103488
[35] R. Choudhary, J. N. Rai, and Y. Arya, “Cascade FOPI-FOPTID controller with energy storage devices for AGC performance advancement of electric power systems,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 53, no. 102671, p. 102671, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102671
[36] T. D. Raj, C. Kumar, P. Kotsampopoulos, and H. H. Fayek, “Load frequency control in two-area multi-source power system using Bald Eagle-Sparrow search optimization tuned PID controller,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 2014, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042014
[37] E. S. Bayu, B. Khan, Z. M. Ali, Z. M. Alaas, and O. P. Mahela, “Mitigation of low-frequency oscillation in power systems through optimal design of power system stabilizer employing ALO,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3809, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103809
[38] M. A. El-Dabah, S. Kamel, M. A. Y. Abido, and B. Khan, “Optimal tuning of fractional‐order proportional, integral, derivative and tilt‐integral‐derivative based power system stabilizers using Runge Kutta optimizer,” Eng. Rep., vol. 4, no. 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12492
[39] E. S. Ali and S. M. Abd-Elazim, “BFOA based design of PID controller for two area Load Frequency Control with nonlinearities,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 51, pp. 224–231, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.030
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[41] M. Shouran, F. Anayi, M. Packianather, and M. Habil, “Load frequency control based on the Bees Algorithm for the Great Britain power system,” Designs, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 50, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5030050
[42] K. Dillip, S. Rabindra Kumar, G. Tulasichandra Sekhar, and P. Sidhartha, “Automatic generation control of power system in deregulated environment using hybrid TLBO and pattern search technique,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 553–573, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.10.012
[43] A. Elsawy Khalil, T. A. Boghdady, M.H. Alham, and Doaa Khalil Ibrahim, “A novel cascade-loop controller for load frequency control of isolated microgrid via dandelion optimizer,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 102526–102526, Mar. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102526.
[2] Y. Sharma and L. C. Saikia, “Automatic generation control of a multi-area ST – Thermal power system using Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm based classical controllers,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 73, pp. 853–862, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.06.005
[3] A. Delassi, S. Arif, and L. Mokrani, “Load frequency control problem in interconnected power systems using robust fractional PIλD controller,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 77–88, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.10.004
[4] P. Kundur, N. J. Balu, and M. G. Lauby, Power system stability and control, vol. 7. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[5] T. C. Yang, H. Cimen, and Q. M. Zhu, “Decentralised load-frequency controller design based on structured singular values,” IEE Proc. - Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 145, no. 1, p. 7, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:19981716
[6] P. S. Kundur and O. Malik, Power system stability and control. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education, 2022.
[7] R. K. Sahu, S. Panda, and S. Padhan, “A hybrid firefly algorithm and pattern search technique for automatic generation control of multi-area power systems,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst, vol. 64, pp. 9–23, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.013
[8] R. K. Sahu, S. Panda, and G. T. Chandra Sekhar, “A novel hybrid PSO-PS optimized fuzzy PI controller for AGC in multi area interconnected power systems,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, pp. 880–893, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.08.021
[9] R. El-Sehiemy, A. Shaheen, A. Ginidi, and S. F. Al-Gahtani, “Proportional-integral-derivative controller based-artificial rabbits algorithm for load frequency control in multi-area power systems,” Fractal Fract., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 97, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7010097
[10] A. Saxena, M. Gupta and V. Gupta, "Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using Genetic algorithm," 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, Coimbatore, India, 2012, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICCIC.2012.6510170.
[11] P. K. Hota and B. Mohanty, “Automatic generation control of multi-source power generation under deregulated environment,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 75, pp. 205–214, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.09.003
[12] N. Hakimuddin, A. Khosla, and J. K. Garg, “Comparative performance investigation of genetic algorithms (GAs), particle swarm optimization(PSO) and bacteria foraging algorithm (BFA) based automatic
generation control (AGC) with multi source power plants (MSPPs),” Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 49, no. 20, pp. 1513–1524, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2022.2134510
[13] K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, S. Sen, and S. Samanta, “Application of chaos-based firefly algorithm optimized controller for automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system with energy storage unit and UPFC,” in Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing, Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020, pp. 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0306-1_8
[14] N. Paliwal, L. Srivastava, and M. Pandit, “Application of grey wolf optimization algorithm for load frequency control in multi-source single area power system,” Evol. Intell., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 563–584, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00530-5
[15] N. A. Orka, S. S. Muhaimin, M. N. S. Shahi, and A. Ahmed, “An enhanced gradient based optimized controller for load frequency control of a two-area automatic generation control system,” in Engineering Applications of Modern Metaheuristics, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 79–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16832-1_5
[16] B Hekimoğlu. Sine-cosine algorithm-based optimization for Automatic Voltage Regulator system. T. I. Meas. Control. 2019; 41, 1761-71. DOI:10.1177/0142331218811453
[17] C. Ismayil, R. S. Kumar, and T. K. Sindhu, “Optimal fractional order PID controller for automatic generation control of two-area power systems: FOPID Controller for AGC of Multi-Area Power Systems,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3329–3348, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.2038
[18] R. K. Khadanga, A. Kumar, and S. Panda, “A modified Grey Wolf Optimization with Cuckoo Search Algorithm for load frequency controller design of hybrid power system,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 124, no. 109011, p. 109011, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109011
[19] I. A. Chidambaram and R. Francis, “Automatic generation control of a two area reheat interconnected power system based on CPS using fuzzy neural network,” in 2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETECT.2011.5760116
[20] D. Guha, P. K. Roy, and S. Banerjee, “Load frequency control of interconnected power system using grey wolf optimization,” Swarm Evol. Comput., vol. 27, pp. 97–115, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2015.10.004i
[21] N. Goswami and A. H. M. Shatil, “Performance analysis of load frequency control for power plants using different optimization techniques,” in 2023 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICREST57604.2023.10070029
[22] N. Goswami, M. R. Habib, A. H. Shatil, and K. F. Ahmed, “Performance analysis of the AVR using an artificial neural network and genetic algorithm optimization technique,” in 2023 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICREST57604.2023.10070076
[23] P. C. Sahu, R. C. Prusty, and B. K. Sahoo, “Modified sine cosine algorithm-based fuzzy-aided PID controller for automatic generation control of multiarea power systems,” Soft Comput., vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 12919– 12936, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-04716-y
[24] C. Ismayil, R. S. Kumar, and T. K. Sindhu, “Optimal fractional order PID controller for automatic generation control of two-area power systems: FOPID Controller for AGC of Multi-Area Power Systems,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3329–3348, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.2038
[25] E. Gupta and A. Saxena, “Grey wolf optimizer-based regulator design for automatic generation control of interconnected power system,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1151612, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1151612
[26] S. Panda and N. K. Yegireddy, “Automatic generation control of multi-area power system using multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 53, pp. 54–63, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.04.003
[27] K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, S. Samanta, N. Dey, A. S. Ashour, and V. E. Balas, “Design of a proportional-integral-derivative controller for an automatic generation control of multi-area power thermal systems using
firefly algorithm,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sin., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 503–515, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2017.7510436
[28] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis. McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998.
[29] T. M. Shami, A. A. El-Saleh, M. Alswaitti, Q. Al-Tashi, M. A. Summakieh, and S. Mirjalili, “Particle swarm optimization: A comprehensive survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 10031–10061, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3142859
[30] J. R. Nayak, B. Shaw, B. K. Sahu, and K. A. Naidu, “Application of optimized adaptive crow search algorithm based two degree of freedom optimal fuzzy PID controller for AGC system,” Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., vol. 32, no. 101061, p. 101061, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2021.09.007
[31] E. F. Morgan, R. A. El-Sehiemy, A. K. Awopone, T. F. Megahed, and S. M. Abdelkader, “Load frequency control of interconnected power system using artificial hummingbird optimization,” in 2022 23rd International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2022, pp. 01–06. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEPCON55441.2022.10021812
[32] M. M. Mohamed, H. M. El Zoghby, S. M. Sharaf, and M. A. Mosa, “Optimal virtual synchronous generator control of battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for frequency response enhancement of photovoltaic/diesel microgrid,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 51, no. 104317, p. 104317, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104317
[33] M. H. El-Bahay, M. E. Lotfy, and M. A. El-Hameed, “Computational methods to mitigate the effect of high penetration of renewable energy sources on power system frequency regulation: A comprehensive review,” Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 703–726, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09813-9
[34] M. M. Gulzar, M. Iqbal, S. Shahzad, H. A. Muqeet, M. Shahzad, and M. M. Hussain, “Load frequency control (LFC) strategies in renewable energy-based hybrid power systems: A review,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3488, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103488
[35] R. Choudhary, J. N. Rai, and Y. Arya, “Cascade FOPI-FOPTID controller with energy storage devices for AGC performance advancement of electric power systems,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 53, no. 102671, p. 102671, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102671
[36] T. D. Raj, C. Kumar, P. Kotsampopoulos, and H. H. Fayek, “Load frequency control in two-area multi-source power system using Bald Eagle-Sparrow search optimization tuned PID controller,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 2014, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042014
[37] E. S. Bayu, B. Khan, Z. M. Ali, Z. M. Alaas, and O. P. Mahela, “Mitigation of low-frequency oscillation in power systems through optimal design of power system stabilizer employing ALO,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3809, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103809
[38] M. A. El-Dabah, S. Kamel, M. A. Y. Abido, and B. Khan, “Optimal tuning of fractional‐order proportional, integral, derivative and tilt‐integral‐derivative based power system stabilizers using Runge Kutta optimizer,” Eng. Rep., vol. 4, no. 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12492
[39] E. S. Ali and S. M. Abd-Elazim, “BFOA based design of PID controller for two area Load Frequency Control with nonlinearities,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 51, pp. 224–231, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.030
[40] A. Daraz et al., “Automatic Generation Control of multi-source interconnected power system using FOI-TD controller,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 18, p. 5867, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185867
[41] M. Shouran, F. Anayi, M. Packianather, and M. Habil, “Load frequency control based on the Bees Algorithm for the Great Britain power system,” Designs, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 50, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5030050
[42] K. Dillip, S. Rabindra Kumar, G. Tulasichandra Sekhar, and P. Sidhartha, “Automatic generation control of power system in deregulated environment using hybrid TLBO and pattern search technique,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 553–573, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.10.012
[43] A. Elsawy Khalil, T. A. Boghdady, M.H. Alham, and Doaa Khalil Ibrahim, “A novel cascade-loop controller for load frequency control of isolated microgrid via dandelion optimizer,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 102526–102526, Mar. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102526.