The Distribution Network Loss Minimization by Incorporating DG Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Technique
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Abstract
This research is based on the power system optimal planning and operation segment. This study presents a methodology for reducing power losses in distribution power systems through the incorporation of both fixed and uncertain photovoltaic (PV) generation, utilizing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The proposed approach aims to address the unpredictability of PV generation and optimize the placement and size of Distributed Generation (DG) units to minimize I2R loss in the distribution network. The main focus is on how to minimize the existing losses occurring in the distribution system. In the distribution system the I2R loss amount is higher compared to the transmission system. The reason behind the high amount of I2R loss in the distribution system is due to the high ratio, high current and low voltage. To reduce these losses, several researchers provide solutions, such as network reconfiguration, capacitor allocation, DG allocation, and DSTATCOM allocation. In this research I have focused on DG allocation solution for reducing the I2R loss. I have determined the most suitable photovoltaic generation capacity and location to minimize power loss in the system using the PSO algorithm. The PSO techniques can accurately determine the optimal locations for PV generation in the IEEE-33 bus and IEEE-69 bus radial feeder, which preserves power quality for consumers and reduces energy loss during distribution. To conduct this study, three simulation scenarios were employed, namely: a) the base case, b) without accounting for the uncertainty of solar irradiance and load demand, and c) considering the uncertainty of solar irradiance and load demand. The comparison between the three scenario results will also be shown in the results section for both the IEEE-33 and IEEE-69 bus systems. MATLAB R2021a was utilized to evaluate the algorithm's effectiveness in the IEEE-33 and IEEE-69 bus systems
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[1]
K. A. K. Kazi Abdul Kader, D. M. A. M. Md. Abdul Mannan, and D. M. R. H. Md. Rifat Hazari, “The Distribution Network Loss Minimization by Incorporating DG Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Technique”, AJSE, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 200 - 208, Dec. 2024.
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References
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[15] M. a. W. F. Baran, "Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1401–1407, 1989.
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[17] H. D. Chiang and R. M. Jean-Jameau, "Optimal network reconfiguration in distribution systems, part 1: ,”A new formulation and a solution methodology"," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1902–1909, Oct. 1990.
[18] C. S. C. a. M. Y. Cho, "Energy loss reduction by critical switches," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1246–1253, Jul. 1993.
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[20] D. S. a. W. H. E. L. Q. Zhou, "Distribution feeder reconfiguration for service restoration and load balancing," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 724–729, May 1997.
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[22] V. Borozan and N. Rajakovic, "Application assessments of distribution network minimum loss reconfiguration," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1786–1792, Oct. 1997.
[23] R. Taleski and D. Rajicic, "Distribution network reconfiguration for energy loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 398–406, Feb. 1997.
[24] N. R. a. S. Sirisumrannukul, "Feeder Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction in Three Phase Distribution System under Unbalanced Loading Conditions," in IEEE Conv, UPEC 2010, no. 116880603, 1st Aug - 3rd Sept 2010.
[25] M.P. Sharma, "Feeder Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Using Minimum Power Flow methodology," in IEEE Conv, India Conference (INDICON), 2015 Annual IEEE, no. 15888391, 17-20 Dec. 2015.
[26] D. Das, "Distribution Network Reconfiguration using Distributed Generation Unit considering Variations of Load," in IEEE International Conf. Power Deliv, 2016.
[27] P. S. Meera and S. Hemamalini, “Reliability based optimal DG planning for a meshed distribution network,” J. Renew. Sustain. Energy, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 066301, Nov. 2019.
[28] G. W. Ault, J. R. McDonald, and G. M. Burt, “Strategic analysis framework for evaluating distributed generation and utility strategies,” Transm. Distrib. IEE Proc. - Gener., vol. 150, no. 4, pp. 475–481, Jul. 2003.
[29] Y. Xiaojing, J. Qingju, and L. Xinke, “Center Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,” in 2019 IEEE 3rd Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC), Mar. 2019, pp. 2084–2087.
[30] M. H. Moradi and M. Abedini, “A Combination of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Distributed Generation Location and Sizing in Distribution Systems with Fuzzy Optimal Theory,” Int. J. Green Energy, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 641–660, Oct. 2012.
[31] A. G. J. R. a. F. L. E. Romero, "Path-based distribution network modeling: Application to reconfiguration for loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 556–564, May 2005.
[32] J.-C. Wang and H.-D. Chiang, "An efficient algorithm for real-time network reconfiguration in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Pages: 511 - 517,
[33] N. Rugthaicharoencheep, "Feeder reconfiguration with dispatchable distributed generators in distribution system by tabu search," in 44th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). Pp 1-5., 2009.
[34] F. Ding and K. Loparo, "Feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems with distributed generation: a hierarchical decentralized approach," in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM),
[35] T. H. M. Gozel, "An analytical method for the sizing and sitting of distributed generators in radial systems. Electrical Power Systems Research," in Electric Power Systems Research, 2009.
[36] A. O. M. Keane, "Optimal Allocation of Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2005
[37] M. M. J. Vallem, "Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation for Optimal Microgrid Architecture," in IEEE Conference, pp. 611–616, 2005.
[38] K. W. O. Wichit, "Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Using Particle Swarm Optimization`," in M. Tech Thesis., AIT, Thailand, 2005.
[39] M. R. V. U. V. R. N. Lalitha, "Application of fuzzy and PSO for DG placement for minimum loss in radial distribution system," in ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5(4), 32–37, 2010.
[40] M.-R. F. H. M. O. Haghifam, "Risk-based distributed generation placement," in Transm. Distrib. 2(2), 252–260, 2008.
[41] L. P. F. H. G. Ochoa, "Evaluating distributed time-varying generation through a multiobjective index," in IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 23(2), 1132–1138, 2008.
[42] C. Hsiao-Dong, Z. Tian-Qi, D. Jiao-Jiao, and K. Koyanagi, "Homotopy-Enhanced Power Flow Methods for General Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 29, pp. 93-100, 2014.
[43] J. E. Anandraj, "Point estimate method of Load Flow for distribution network with photovoltaic generators," in Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), 2013 International Conference on, 2013, pp. 24-29.
[44] A. L. Amoo, D. M. Said, A. Yusuf, and A. A. M. Zin, "Harmonic power flow in Nigerian Power system with PV site," in Power Eng. and Optimization Conf. (PEOCO), 2013 IEEE 7th International, 2013, pp. 319-323.
[45] J. Yuntao, W. Wenchuan, Z. Boming, and S. Hongbin, "An Extension of FBS Three-Phase Power Flow for Handling PV Nodes in Active Distribution Networks," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 5, pp. 1547-1555, 2014.
[46] T. Ochi, D. Yamashita, K. Koyanagi, and R. Yokoyama, "The development and the application of fast decoupled load flow method for distribution systems with high R/X ratios lines," in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2013 IEEE PES, 2013, pp. 1-6.
[47] H.-w. Li, H.-c. Wang, H.-j. Xu, and H.-b. Ma, "An efficient three-phase power flow algorithm for distribution system including PV nodes," in Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), 2011 4th International Conference on, 2011, pp. 837-841.
[48] S. Mousavizadeh and M. R. Haghifam, "Load flow calculations in AC/DC distribution network including weakly mesh, distributed generation and energy storage units," in Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on, 2013, pp. 1-4.
[49] T. Jen-Hao, "A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 18, pp. 882-887, 2003.
[50] K. Balamurugan, D. Srinivasan, “Review of power flow studies on distribution network with distributed generation”, IEEE ninth Intl. Conf. on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2011, pp. 411-417.
[51] N. P. Padhy, K. Jasthi, "A Load Flow Algorithm for Practical Distribution Systems Comprising Wind Generators", Intl. conf. on energy, Automation and Signals (ICEAS), 2011.
[52] H. M. Zawbaa, E. Emary, and C. Grosan, ‘‘Feature selection via chaotic antlion optimization,’’ PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2016, Art. no. e0150652.
[53] Q. Sun, R. Han, H. Zhang, J. Zhou, and J. M. Guerrero, ‘‘A multiagent based consensus algorithm for distributed coordinated control of distributed generators in the energy Internet,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 3006–3019, Nov. 2015.
[2] Ayooluwa Peter Adeagbo, Funso Kehinde Ariyo, Kehinde Adeleye Makinde, Sunday Adeleke Salimon, Oludamilare Bode Adewuyi, and Olusola Kunle Akinde “Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generators in Distribution Networks Based on Site’s Condition,” Solar 2022, 2, 52–63.
[3] Chandrasekaran Venkatesan, Raju Kannadasan, Dhanasekar Ravikumar, Vijayaraja Loganathan, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Daeyong Choi, Junhee Hong and Zong Woo Geem “Re-Allocation of Distributed Generations Using Available Renewable Potential Based Multi-Criterion-Multi-Objective Hybrid Technique,” Sustainability 2021, 13, 13709.
[4] Y. Shen et al., “Research on Swarm Size of Multi-swarm Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,” in 2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Dec. 2018, pp. 2243–2247.
[5] D. Bratton and J. Kennedy, “Defining a Standard for Particle Swarm Optimization,” in Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, USA, Apr. 2007, pp. 120–127.
[6] A. Alghamdi and Y. A. Al-Turki, “Particle swarm optimization-based power flow considering distributed generation,” in 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG), Dec. 2017, pp. 1–6.
[7] Y. Zhang, S. Wang, and G. Ji, “A Comprehensive Survey on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Its Applications,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Oct. 07, 2015. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2015/931256/ (accessed Dec. 06, 2020).
[8] S. Bhuyan, M. Das, and K. C. Bhuyan, “Particle Swarm Optimizations Based DG Allocation in Local PV Distribution Networks for Voltage Profile Improvement,” in 2017 International Conference on Computer, Electrical Communication Engineering (ICCECE), Dec. 2017, pp. 1–4.
[9] Department of EEE, SSNEC, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India et al., “Voltage Stability Analysis of Radial Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation,” Int. J. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 195–204, Mar. 2014.
[10] D. Das, "A fuzzy multi-objective approach for network reconfiguration of the distribution system," in IEEE Trans. Power Deliv, vol 21, pp202-209, 2009.
[11] A. a. B. H. Merlin, "Search for a minimal-loss operating spanning tree configuration in an urban power distribution system," in Proceedings of the fifth power system computation conference (PSCC), Cambridge, UK, 1–18, 1975.
[12] D. H. Shikmoiiammadi, "Reconfiguration of electrical distribution networks for resistive line losses reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Deliv'., PWRD-4, pp. 1492-1498, 1989.
[13] D. R. a. R. A. V. Borozan, "Improved method for loss minimization in distribution networks," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1420–1425, Aug. 1995.
[14] J. J. G. H. Y. a. S. S. H. L. S. Civanlar, "Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1217–1223, Jul. 1988.
[15] M. a. W. F. Baran, "Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1401–1407, 1989.
[16] T. Taylor and D. Lubkeman, "Implementation of heuristic search strategies for distribution feeder reconfiguration," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 239–246, Jan. 1990.
[17] H. D. Chiang and R. M. Jean-Jameau, "Optimal network reconfiguration in distribution systems, part 1: ,”A new formulation and a solution methodology"," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1902–1909, Oct. 1990.
[18] C. S. C. a. M. Y. Cho, "Energy loss reduction by critical switches," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1246–1253, Jul. 1993.
[19] A. Y. C. a. R. H. T. P. Wagner, "Feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1922–1933, Oct. 1991.
[20] D. S. a. W. H. E. L. Q. Zhou, "Distribution feeder reconfiguration for service restoration and load balancing," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 724–729, May 1997.
[21] W. M. Lin and H. C. Chin, "A new approach for distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction and service restoration," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 870–875, Jul. 1998.
[22] V. Borozan and N. Rajakovic, "Application assessments of distribution network minimum loss reconfiguration," in IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1786–1792, Oct. 1997.
[23] R. Taleski and D. Rajicic, "Distribution network reconfiguration for energy loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 398–406, Feb. 1997.
[24] N. R. a. S. Sirisumrannukul, "Feeder Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction in Three Phase Distribution System under Unbalanced Loading Conditions," in IEEE Conv, UPEC 2010, no. 116880603, 1st Aug - 3rd Sept 2010.
[25] M.P. Sharma, "Feeder Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Using Minimum Power Flow methodology," in IEEE Conv, India Conference (INDICON), 2015 Annual IEEE, no. 15888391, 17-20 Dec. 2015.
[26] D. Das, "Distribution Network Reconfiguration using Distributed Generation Unit considering Variations of Load," in IEEE International Conf. Power Deliv, 2016.
[27] P. S. Meera and S. Hemamalini, “Reliability based optimal DG planning for a meshed distribution network,” J. Renew. Sustain. Energy, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 066301, Nov. 2019.
[28] G. W. Ault, J. R. McDonald, and G. M. Burt, “Strategic analysis framework for evaluating distributed generation and utility strategies,” Transm. Distrib. IEE Proc. - Gener., vol. 150, no. 4, pp. 475–481, Jul. 2003.
[29] Y. Xiaojing, J. Qingju, and L. Xinke, “Center Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,” in 2019 IEEE 3rd Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC), Mar. 2019, pp. 2084–2087.
[30] M. H. Moradi and M. Abedini, “A Combination of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Distributed Generation Location and Sizing in Distribution Systems with Fuzzy Optimal Theory,” Int. J. Green Energy, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 641–660, Oct. 2012.
[31] A. G. J. R. a. F. L. E. Romero, "Path-based distribution network modeling: Application to reconfiguration for loss reduction," in IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 556–564, May 2005.
[32] J.-C. Wang and H.-D. Chiang, "An efficient algorithm for real-time network reconfiguration in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Pages: 511 - 517,
[33] N. Rugthaicharoencheep, "Feeder reconfiguration with dispatchable distributed generators in distribution system by tabu search," in 44th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). Pp 1-5., 2009.
[34] F. Ding and K. Loparo, "Feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems with distributed generation: a hierarchical decentralized approach," in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM),
[35] T. H. M. Gozel, "An analytical method for the sizing and sitting of distributed generators in radial systems. Electrical Power Systems Research," in Electric Power Systems Research, 2009.
[36] A. O. M. Keane, "Optimal Allocation of Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2005
[37] M. M. J. Vallem, "Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation for Optimal Microgrid Architecture," in IEEE Conference, pp. 611–616, 2005.
[38] K. W. O. Wichit, "Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Using Particle Swarm Optimization`," in M. Tech Thesis., AIT, Thailand, 2005.
[39] M. R. V. U. V. R. N. Lalitha, "Application of fuzzy and PSO for DG placement for minimum loss in radial distribution system," in ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5(4), 32–37, 2010.
[40] M.-R. F. H. M. O. Haghifam, "Risk-based distributed generation placement," in Transm. Distrib. 2(2), 252–260, 2008.
[41] L. P. F. H. G. Ochoa, "Evaluating distributed time-varying generation through a multiobjective index," in IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 23(2), 1132–1138, 2008.
[42] C. Hsiao-Dong, Z. Tian-Qi, D. Jiao-Jiao, and K. Koyanagi, "Homotopy-Enhanced Power Flow Methods for General Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators," Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on, vol. 29, pp. 93-100, 2014.
[43] J. E. Anandraj, "Point estimate method of Load Flow for distribution network with photovoltaic generators," in Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), 2013 International Conference on, 2013, pp. 24-29.
[44] A. L. Amoo, D. M. Said, A. Yusuf, and A. A. M. Zin, "Harmonic power flow in Nigerian Power system with PV site," in Power Eng. and Optimization Conf. (PEOCO), 2013 IEEE 7th International, 2013, pp. 319-323.
[45] J. Yuntao, W. Wenchuan, Z. Boming, and S. Hongbin, "An Extension of FBS Three-Phase Power Flow for Handling PV Nodes in Active Distribution Networks," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 5, pp. 1547-1555, 2014.
[46] T. Ochi, D. Yamashita, K. Koyanagi, and R. Yokoyama, "The development and the application of fast decoupled load flow method for distribution systems with high R/X ratios lines," in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2013 IEEE PES, 2013, pp. 1-6.
[47] H.-w. Li, H.-c. Wang, H.-j. Xu, and H.-b. Ma, "An efficient three-phase power flow algorithm for distribution system including PV nodes," in Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), 2011 4th International Conference on, 2011, pp. 837-841.
[48] S. Mousavizadeh and M. R. Haghifam, "Load flow calculations in AC/DC distribution network including weakly mesh, distributed generation and energy storage units," in Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on, 2013, pp. 1-4.
[49] T. Jen-Hao, "A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 18, pp. 882-887, 2003.
[50] K. Balamurugan, D. Srinivasan, “Review of power flow studies on distribution network with distributed generation”, IEEE ninth Intl. Conf. on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2011, pp. 411-417.
[51] N. P. Padhy, K. Jasthi, "A Load Flow Algorithm for Practical Distribution Systems Comprising Wind Generators", Intl. conf. on energy, Automation and Signals (ICEAS), 2011.
[52] H. M. Zawbaa, E. Emary, and C. Grosan, ‘‘Feature selection via chaotic antlion optimization,’’ PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2016, Art. no. e0150652.
[53] Q. Sun, R. Han, H. Zhang, J. Zhou, and J. M. Guerrero, ‘‘A multiagent based consensus algorithm for distributed coordinated control of distributed generators in the energy Internet,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 3006–3019, Nov. 2015.