Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization-Based PID Control for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power System with Renewable Energy Integration

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53799/qgfg4692

Keywords:

Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization (MCHHO), Three-area interconnected system, Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error, Load frequency control, Consolidated strategies, Chaotic map structure

Abstract

This research visions a Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization (MCHHO) algorithm for a three-area interconnected system comprising wind, solar and reheat thermal units to optimally tune a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller with Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) criterion for load frequency control (LFC). MCHHO incorporates consolidated strategies with chaotic map structure for enhancing exploration–exploitation balance and accelerating convergence. Results showcase a minimum ITAE of 0.0054 along with frequency and power settling within 3.8 s and 7 s, respectively. Comparative analysis with baseline algorithms, including BSA-PID, CLPSO-PID, MFOA-PID, OOA-PID and HHO-PID, displays performance improvement by 88.63%, 95.43%, 99.80%, 92.44% and 96.84%, respectively. Besides, robustness is validated under varied load disturbances, communication delays, renewable intermittencies and parametric uncertainties demonstrating the reliability and effectiveness of MCHHO in advanced LFC applications in interconnected power systems.

Author Biographies

  • Sazzad Hossain Sahed, American International University-Bangladesh

    Sazzad Hossain Sahed is a Teaching Assistant at the American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) where he is pursuing his Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. He has also completed his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from AIUB in 2023 with high distinction graduating with a CGPA of 3.98. Besides, he has an acute interest in english language which lead to his IELTS instructing journey having secured a band 8.0 in 2023. His field of interest revolves around power systems analysis, feasibility analysis of renewable energy, power transmission and distribution, controller manipulation and semiconductor materials where he has published research paper on the mentioned topics and currently working on other projects as well.

  • Kazi Firoz Ahmed, American International University-Bangladesh

    Kazi Firoz Ahmed is a Ph.D. scholar at the Islamic University of Technology (IUT). He is doing his Ph.D. in the field of Power System Optimization. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at the EEE Department of American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He has been teaching and doing research at this university since 2010. He is the author of multiple published articles in journals and conference proceedings. He has worked as an editor of an online published book. His research interest includes ML or DL-based optimization of Power systems, Multiobjective Optimization in Renewable Energy, Smart Grid systems, Electrical Machines and Drives, Fault and Stability Analysis in Power systems, Microgrid Operation and Optimization, the Feasibility analysis of power plants. Mr. Ahmed was a recipient of the OIC Scholarship from the Islamic University of Technology (IUT) for Excellence while doing his bachelor's. He is a member of the Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA) and the International Association of Engineers (IAENG).

  • Dr. Md. Rifat Hazari, American International University-Bangladesh

    Dr. Md. Rifat Hazari received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) in August 2013 and December 2014, respectively and Ph.D. degree in Energy Engineering from the Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan, in March 2019. He has held various academic and administrative positions at AIUB, including Senior Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor and Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), and Deputy Director of the Dr. Anwarul Abedin Institute of Innovation, AIUB. He is currently serving as an Associate Professor and Special Assistant in the EEE Department at AIUB. Throughout his career, Dr. Hazari has received several prestigious recognitions, including the MINT (Academic Excellence) Award from KIT, Japan in 2017 for outstanding research performance, the Best Paper Award at the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2017 in Melbourne, Australia, the Best Presentation Award at the IEEJ Branch Convention 2017 in Hakodate, Japan, and the Best Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Posterity Award at the 3rd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques 2023 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has served as a Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI) on multiple internationally funded research projects and has authored over 75 publications in peer-reviewed journals and national and international conferences. He has also been invited as a speaker at various universities and workshops. His research interests include renewable energy systems (particularly wind and photovoltaic power systems), power system stability and control, microgrid and hybrid power systems, HVDC system, analysis and control of rotating electrical machines. He is a member of both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh (IEB). 

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Published

31-08-2026

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Vol. 25 No. 1 (2026): AJSE Volume 25 Issue 1

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How to Cite

[1]
“Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization-Based PID Control for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power System with Renewable Energy Integration”, AJSE, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 43–56, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.53799/qgfg4692.

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