Optimal Design of Fractional Order PID Controllers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Employing PSO Algorithm
Main Article Content
Abstract
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are gaining attraction in order to facilitate various applications owing to portability, low pollution and high efficiency. However, due to strong nonlinearity, fast variations in loading conditions and sluggish dynamics, regulation of the output voltage of SOFCs is disturbed. This paper aims to enhance the dynamic performance of SOFC by employing PI, PI Fast, PIDF, 2-DOF PID and PSO optimized FO-PID controllers under uncertain input conditions. The PID tuner is used for tuning the PI, PI fast, PIDF and 2-DOF PID controller parameters. The PSO technique is utilized for optimizing of FO-PID controller. The SOFC output with various controllers is compared in terms of performance specifications such as peak overshoot, settling time, steady state error and rise time. The comparison of computer simulation results manifests that the proposed PSO-FOPID controller scheme yields in far better performance with SOFC subjected to uncertain input.
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How to Cite
[1]
S. Singh, V. K. Tayal, H. P. Singh, and V. K. Yadav, “Optimal Design of Fractional Order PID Controllers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Employing PSO Algorithm”, AJSE, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 7 - 16, May 2022.
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References
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[21] Wu X.J. and Zhu X.J., “Optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell and micro gas turbine hybrid system”, International Journal Of Energy Research” vol. 37 no. 3, pp. 242–49, 2011, doi:10.1002/er.1899.
[22] Safar S., Hajilounezhad T., Ehyaei M.A., “Multi Objective Optimization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power System: A comparison between Particle Swarm and Genetic Algorithms”, engrXiv Preprints, 2020, doi: 10.31224/osf.io/v28bd
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[24] Sun L., Li D., Wu G., Lee K.Y., and Xue Y, “A Practical Compound Controller Design for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 48, no. 30, pp. 445–449, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.12.419.
[25] Qin Y., Sun L., Hua Q. and Liu P., “A Fuzzy Adaptive PID Controller Design for Fuel Cell Power Plant”, Hydrogen Production and Utilization, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1-15, doi: 10.3390/su10072438.
[26] Yu C.L., Wang T.C. and Liu C.Y., “Numerical investigation on the influence of the type of PI controller combined with MAAP code on the steady-state performance of a nuclear power plant”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier, vol. 343, pp. 248-56, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.01.004.
[27] Palaniyappan T.K., Yadav V., Ruchira, Tayal V.K. and Choudekar P., “PID Control Design for a Temperature Control System”, International Conference on Power Energy, Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC), pp. 632-37, 2018, doi: 10.1109/PEEIC.2018.8665469.
[28] Gorripotu T.S., Sahu R.K. and Panda S., “AGC of a multi-area power system under deregulated environment using redox flow batteries and interline power flow controller”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 555-78, 2015,. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2015.04.002.
[29] Araki M. and Taguchi H., “Two-Degree-of-Freedom PID Controllers, International Journal of Control”, Automation, and Systems, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 401-411, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)38226-5.
[30] Podlubny I., “Fractional Differential Equations”, Academic Press, USA, 1999.
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[32] Mukhtar A., Tayal V.K. and Singh H.P., “PSO Optimized PID Controller Design for the Process Liquid Level Control”, 3rd International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engineering (RDCAPE), NOIDA, India, pp. 590-93, 2019, doi: 10.1109/RDCAPE47089.2019.8979108.
[33] Wu T. et al., “Application of PID optimization control strategy based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for battery charging system”, International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 528-35, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa020
[2] Stambouli A.B. and Traversa E., “Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): a review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 6 no. 5, pp. 433-55, 2002, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00014-X
[3] Boldrin P. and Brandon N.P., “Progress and outlook for solid oxide fuel cells for transportation applications”, Nature Catalyst, vol. 2 no. 7, pp. 571-77, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0310-y.
[4] Singh S., Tayal V.K., Singh H.P. and Yadav V.K., “Fractional Order Control of Renewable Energy Systems”, 8th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), pp. 1246-51, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9197902.
[5] Kim Y.J. et al., “Design and analysis of SOFC stack with different
types of external manifolds”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45 no. 53, pp. 29143-54, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.145.
[6] Kandukuri K.R., Polisetty V.G. and Jampana P., “Modeling and Control Study of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell at Low Operating Pressures”, IFAC-Papers On Line, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 289-94, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.06.049.
[7] Vrecko D. et al., “Optimizing the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell power system with a supervisory controller based on the extremum-seeking approach”, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 187 no. 1, pp. 53-62, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.03.012.
[8] Ahmed A., Ullah M.S. and Hoque M.A., “Optimal Design of Proportional–Integral Controllers for Grid‑Connected Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plant Employing Differential Evolution Algorithm”, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 999-1019, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2025-8.
[9] Mary N., Augustine C., Joseph S., and Heartson S., “Dynamic Modeling and Fuzzy Control for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 5488-97, 2016, doi: 10.15662/IJAREEIE.20156.0506125.
[10] Emami T., Tsai A. and Tucker D., “Robust Pid Controller Design Of A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine”, Proceedings of the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, pp. 1-8, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1115/FUELCELL2016-59602.
[11] Darjat, Sulistyo, Triwiyatno A. and Julian E., “Design of Adaptive PID Controller For Fuel Utilization in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”, Proc. Of 2018 5th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering, IEEE, pp. 234-39, 2018, doi:10.1109/ICITACEE.2018.8576967
[12] Suresh V., Pachauri N. and Vigneysh T., “Decentralized control strategy for fuel cell/PV/BESS based microgrid using modified fractional order PI controller”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy vol. 46 no. 5, pp. 4417-36, 2021, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.050.
[13] Adar N.G. and Kozan R., “Comparison between Real Time PID and 2-DOF PID Controller for 6-DOF Robot Arm”, 2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering (ICCESEN), vol. 30, pp. 269-71, 2015.
[14] Latha K., Rajinikanth V., “2DOF PID Controller Tuning for Unstable Systems Using Bacterial Foraging Algorithm”, International Conference on Swarm, Evolutionary, and Memetic Computing, pp. 519-527, 2012, doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.130.269.
[15] Zhou N., Li C., Sun F. and Wang Q., “Modelling and control of solid oxide fuel cell generation system in microgrid”, Journal of Electrical Engineering” vol. 68 no. 6, pp. 405–14, 2017, doi:10.1515/jee-2017-0075.
[16] Zamani M., Ghartemani K. and Sadati M., “FOPID Controller Design For Robust Performance Using Particle Swarm Optimization”, An International Journal for Theory and Application, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 169–89, 2007.
[17] Rajesh R., “Optimal tuning of FOPID controller based on PSO algorithm with reference model for a single conical tank system”, SN Applied Sciences vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 1–14, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-0754-3.
[18] Bingul Z. and Karahan O., “Comparison of PID and FOPID controllers tuned by PSO and ABC algorithms for unstable and integrating systems with time delay”, Optimal Control Applications and Methods, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1431–50, doi: 10.1002/oca.2419.
[19] Tepljakov A. et al., “FOPID Controllers and Their Industrial Applications: A Survey of Recent Results 1”, IFAC-Papers OnLine, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 25–30, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.06.014.
[20] Safari A., Shahsavari H. and Babaei F., “Optimal design of controllers for Power Network Connected SOFC using of multi-objective PSO”, Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 145–63, 2018, doi: 10.2298/SJEE170822001S.
[21] Wu X.J. and Zhu X.J., “Optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell and micro gas turbine hybrid system”, International Journal Of Energy Research” vol. 37 no. 3, pp. 242–49, 2011, doi:10.1002/er.1899.
[22] Safar S., Hajilounezhad T., Ehyaei M.A., “Multi Objective Optimization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power System: A comparison between Particle Swarm and Genetic Algorithms”, engrXiv Preprints, 2020, doi: 10.31224/osf.io/v28bd
[23] Selvaraj V., Sivakumar R. and Sekaran G.R., “Modeling and Simulation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System”, IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 520-24, 2014.
[24] Sun L., Li D., Wu G., Lee K.Y., and Xue Y, “A Practical Compound Controller Design for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 48, no. 30, pp. 445–449, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.12.419.
[25] Qin Y., Sun L., Hua Q. and Liu P., “A Fuzzy Adaptive PID Controller Design for Fuel Cell Power Plant”, Hydrogen Production and Utilization, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1-15, doi: 10.3390/su10072438.
[26] Yu C.L., Wang T.C. and Liu C.Y., “Numerical investigation on the influence of the type of PI controller combined with MAAP code on the steady-state performance of a nuclear power plant”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier, vol. 343, pp. 248-56, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.01.004.
[27] Palaniyappan T.K., Yadav V., Ruchira, Tayal V.K. and Choudekar P., “PID Control Design for a Temperature Control System”, International Conference on Power Energy, Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC), pp. 632-37, 2018, doi: 10.1109/PEEIC.2018.8665469.
[28] Gorripotu T.S., Sahu R.K. and Panda S., “AGC of a multi-area power system under deregulated environment using redox flow batteries and interline power flow controller”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 555-78, 2015,. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2015.04.002.
[29] Araki M. and Taguchi H., “Two-Degree-of-Freedom PID Controllers, International Journal of Control”, Automation, and Systems, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 401-411, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S1474-6670(17)38226-5.
[30] Podlubny I., “Fractional Differential Equations”, Academic Press, USA, 1999.
[31] E. Edet and R. Katebi, “On Fractional-order PID Controllers”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 739-744, 2018, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.06.208.
[32] Mukhtar A., Tayal V.K. and Singh H.P., “PSO Optimized PID Controller Design for the Process Liquid Level Control”, 3rd International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engineering (RDCAPE), NOIDA, India, pp. 590-93, 2019, doi: 10.1109/RDCAPE47089.2019.8979108.
[33] Wu T. et al., “Application of PID optimization control strategy based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for battery charging system”, International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 528-35, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa020