Demographic and statistical study of covid-19: Transmission and drug susceptibility pattern in India
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Published:
Apr 15, 2021
Keywords:
COVID-19 Cases, Pathogenesis, SPSS Statistics, Transmission, Descriptive Analysis, One Way-ANOVA, Drug susceptibility
Main Article Content
Abstract
Corona virus is a novel virus, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and spreading worldwide from person to person via communicable disease. It was first identified in the Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 hence it got the name COVID-19. In India, COVID-19 cases are reported severe as compared with other countries and it is standing in second position in the world after United State of America. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is more risk in elder age as compared to young ones due to immune response. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is recorded in three steps 1) asymptomatic state, 2) upper airways and conducting airways response and 3) hypoxia. The drugs viz., hydroxychloroquine, paracetamol, and antibiotics are mostly used for the treatment of SARS but no single drug is effective for disease. Hence, treatment of this disease is required. In this review, the correlation of confirmed and death cases due to COVID-19 in India and China are analysed by statistical methods (one-way ANOVA and t-Test). This study will give a clear picture of COVID-19 disease scenario and also helped in identifying and preventing the disease.
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How to Cite
[1]
T. Rameshwari K R, A. K, and A. KUMAR, “Demographic and statistical study of covid-19: Transmission and drug susceptibility pattern in India ”, AJSE, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 17 - 24, Apr. 2021.
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Covid-19 Special Issue
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References
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[4] Munoz-Gutierrez KM, Canales RA, Reynolds KA, Verhougstraete MP. Floor and environmental contamination during glove disposal. J Hosp Infect 2019;101:347e53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.10.015.
[5] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020; in press.
[6] Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J Virol 2020; 94: e00127-20.
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[8] Sims AC, Baric RS, Yount B, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia: role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. J Virol 2005; 79: 15511–15524.
[9] Reyfman PA, Walter JM, Joshi N, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human lung provides insights into the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199: 1517–1536.
[10] Tang NL, Chan PK, Wong CK, et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 2333–2340.
[11] Hancock AS, Stairiker CJ, Boesteanu AC, et al. Transcriptome analysis of infected and bystander type 2 alveolar epithelial cells during influenza A virus infection reveals in vivo Wnt pathway downregulation. J Virol 2018; 92:e01325-18.
[12] Qian Z, Travanty EA, Oko L, et al. Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48: 742–748.
[13] Wang J, Nikrad MP, Phang T, et al. Innate immune response to influenza A virus in differentiated human alveolar type II cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45: 582–591.
[14] Rockx B, Baas T, Zornetzer GA, et al. Early upregulation of acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated cytokines promotes lethal disease in an aged-mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Virol 2009; 83: 7062–7074.
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[16] Weinheimer VK, Becher A, Tonnies M, et al. Influenza A viruses target type II pneumocytes in the human lung. J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1685–1694.
[17] Reybrouck G. Role of the hands in the spread of nosocomia infections. J Hosp Infect 1983;4:103e10. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0195-6701(83)90040-3.
[18] French K. Ten articles on hand hygiene innovation that have been reported in the Journal of Hospital Infection. J Hosp Infect 2018;100:242e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.045.
[19] Vermeil T, Peters A, Kilpatrick C, Pires D, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Hand hygiene in hospitals: anatomy of a revolution. J Hosp Infect 2019;101:383e92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.003.
[20] Mortimer EA, Wolinsky E, Gonzaga AJ, Rammelkamp CH. Role of airborne transmission in staphylococcal infections. BMJ 1966;1:319e22. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5483.319.
[21] Mutters R, Warnes SL. The method used to dry washed hands affects the number and type of transient and residential bacteria remaining on the skin. J Hosp Infect 2019;101:408e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.12.005.
[22] Best E, Parnell P, Couturier J, Barbut F, Le Bozec A, Arnoldo L, et al. Environmental contamination by bacteria in hospital washrooms according to hand-drying method: a multi-centre study. J Hosp Infect 2018;100:469e75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.002.
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[25] Feng Y, Wei L, Zhu S, Qiao F, Zhang X, Kang Y, et al. Handwashing sinks as the source of transmission of ST16 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, an international high-risk clone, in an
[26] intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhin.2019.10.006.
[27] Turner C, Mosby D, Partridge D, Mason C, Parsons H. A patient sink tap facilitating carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriales transmission. J Hosp Infect 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2019.12.020 (in Press).
[28] Shaw E, Gavalda` L, Ca`mara J, Gasull R, Gallego S, Tubau F, et al. Control of endemic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria after removal of sinks and implementing a new water-safe policy in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2018;98:275e81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.025.
[29] Tracy M, Ryan L, Samarasekara H, Leroi M, Polkinghorne A, Branley J. Removal of sinks and bathing changes to control multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective investigation. J Hosp Infect 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.014 (in Press).
[30] Grabowski M, Lobo JM, Gunnell B, Enfield K, Carpenter R, Barnes L, et al. Characterizations of handwashing sink activities in a single hospital medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2018;100:e115e22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.04.025.
[31] Mahida N. Hand hygiene compliance: are we kidding ourselves? J Hosp Infect 2016;92:307e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhin.2016.02.004.
[32] Dalziel C, McIntyre J, Chand AG, McWilliam S, Ritchie L. Validation of a national hand hygiene proxy measure in NHS Scotland. J Hosp Infect 2018;98:375e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhin.2017.10.001.
[33] Borg MA, Brincat A. Addressing the controversy of 100% hand hygiene compliance: can alcohol rub consumption data serve as a useful proxy validator? J Hosp Infect 2018;100:218e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.04.024.
[34] Hellewell J, Abbott S, Gimma A, et al. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation
of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health 2020; published online Feb 28.
[35] Qifang Bi, Yongsheng Wu, Shujiang Mei, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in Shenzhen China: analysis of 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts. medRxiv 2020;•published online March 4.
[36] Welliver R, Monto AS, Carewicz O, et al. Effectiveness of oseltamivir in preventing influenza in household contacts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 748–54.
[37] Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, et al. In vitro antiviralactivity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis 2020; published online March 9.
[38] Tett SE, Cutler DJ, Day RO, Brown KF. Bioavailability of hydroxychloroquine tablets in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27: 771–79
[39] Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!). Lancet 2017; 389: 505–18.
[40] Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections—more than just the common cold. JAMA. Published online January 23, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama. 2020.0757